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okay welcome to the afternoon /

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afternoon session of at broadcom 2016 my

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name is Tessa Fisher I'm a PhD student

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at Arizona State University and I will

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be doing the warm-up talks for the

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origin of life and during computation

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sessions and then also chairing half of

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the theory computation session before I

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have to score your way to the airport to

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go to another conference um so anyways

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without further ado so the fundamental

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questions are going to be talking this

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afternoon or basically know what is life

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and how do we get from non-life to life

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how do we go from inanimate manner to

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something that we can all more or less

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agree is a living organism admittedly

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what exactly a living organism is is

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also up to debate which we'll get into

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so for this afternoon anyways there's at

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least two major purchase we're looking

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at one is based off of prebiotic

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chemistry which is sort of the some of

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the stuff that we saw earlier today as

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well and then also information dairy so

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for the first approach I'll be talking

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about is going to be proud of chemistry

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because that's a little more concrete it

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doesn't get quite as mathematical and

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nebulous and that's at its core is

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basically the idea of saying okay how do

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we go from these elements carbon

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hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus

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sulfur and phosphorus plus some trace

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elements to simple organic compounds and

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then from that living systems sometimes

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referred to as abiogenesis and sort of

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the classic experiment for prebiotic

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chemistry is the miller-urey experiment

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which i'm sure most of you have heard of

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but if you haven't or need a refresher

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the basic idea is that you create this

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glass apparatus fill it with a series of

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reducing gases methane ammonia water

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vapor and hydrogen and then run it

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through a system which heats it cools it

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subjects it to electrical discharge

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which is supposed to simulate lightning

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strikes the whole idea is basically are

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simulating and

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the earth environments of you know

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heating and cooling and changes in

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weather and tides and all stuff like

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that and the cool thing about this is if

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you let it run for you know 24 hours or

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so at the end you get down here this

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nice monkey collection of organic brown

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goo full chock full of organic molecules

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now the problem with this as it turns

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out and this was a major breakthrough

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when it was discovered but it's less so

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now is that we now have reason to

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believe that the atmosphere the early

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Earth actually didn't look much like

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this it was probably more nitrogen and

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carbon dioxide not reducing compounds

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like methane and ammonia so obviously

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we're going to rethink how proud but

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prebiotic chemistry works because the

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nice thing about a reducing environment

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is that it does lend itself very well

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for the reduction of organic molecules

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so we got to look at specific niches

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instead of trying to assume that it's

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just sort of this vast primordial soup

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everywhere on the planet and there have

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been a lot of different environments

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that have been suggested for this first

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one hydrothermal vents you have very

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reducing conditions to the methane and

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hydrogen sulfide admit it you've got

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very strong kennel temperature gradients

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between hot and cold you know from over

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boiling to near freezing and you also

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get a lot of interesting geochemistry

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that happens here which will give you a

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good feedstock to build molecules and

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you also will get later they also got

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some interesting gradients second set up

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as well another one that's been talked

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about is ice ice is really good at

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concentrating things because as water

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freezes the impurities tend to be the

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last things that freeze and therefore

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you get them in little pockets so that's

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really good for if you wanna force

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reactions have ordinarily wouldn't occur

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by simply increasing the concentration

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so much that they suddenly become

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thermodynamically favorable clay

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crystals and molecules have also been

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suggested as a potential matrix or

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lattice for the formation of organic

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molecules I also have some nifty

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self-replicating properties which have

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been given some interest and then my

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personal favorite the radioactive beach

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and this is a newer theory that came out

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year or two ago which is the idea is

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that the

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early earth would have been much more

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volcanically active and much richer in

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radioactive elements since most of them

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have decayed between now and then and

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there for all these radioactive

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sediments would have gotten concentrated

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at the high-water line of the beaches of

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planet Earth and you would have had

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essentially this very energetic zone

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where all sorts of really radio

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chemistry would be going on don't know

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how likely it is but I thought it was

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really cool so okay we've got places

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where we can make really nifty organic

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compounds now what well like I said we

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don't exactly have a great definition or

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agreed-upon definition anyways for what

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a living organism is but we do have a

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fair number of traits that most people

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can agree most living organisms so far

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as we know have replication metabolism

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and compartmentalization and there is a

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bit of a debate in the origin of life

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improve a lot of chemistry community

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about which came first for replication

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you have compounds called auto catalysts

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which are essentially chemical compounds

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that can catalyze their own formation

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you know essentially replicate

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themselves in a very simple manner one

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auto catalyst of particular interest is

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a RNA which is still used nor

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biochemistry to this day but has the

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nifty feature of essentially being able

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to synthesize more of itself so

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essentially it's very easy for to

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self-replicate and it's strongly

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suspected that was probably the

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forerunner for the more stable and

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harder to replicate DNA that we

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currently use although however it's also

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been argued that from an evolutionary

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point of view just being able an RNA

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molecule that could turn out more our

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name allah cules may not exactly be

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advantageous if you don't actually hook

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it up to something like say metabolism

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which brings us to the next part so

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metabolism is basically being able to

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take energy in your environment in one

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form or another and using it to

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synthesize more compounds or replicate

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or whatever and there are people who

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believe that metabolism actually came

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first one not I always thought was

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particularly cool and some of the people

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in this room without she worked on it

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was like I mentioned at vents you can

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have these really interesting gradients

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that set up and in particular in some

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cases depending on how acidic or basic

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the

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vent fluid is you can end up getting

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these weird electrochemical gray or onyx

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gradients which are of real interest if

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you have background in biology because

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pretty much all living organisms on the

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planet are ultimately powered by these

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sorts of electrochemical gradients

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protein pumps and whatnot so it's kind

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of like well maybe this is where that

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started that you have these naturally

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occurring gradients that molecules

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learned for lack of a better term how to

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harvest and use that as sort of a way to

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power the construction of more and more

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elaborate molecules and eventually ones

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that were capable self-replication

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lastly compartmentalization obviously a

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major part of being a living organism is

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being able to separate you from the rest

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of the world or at least being able to

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control what comes in from your

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environment into you and what goes out

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otherwise you just kind of end up

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dissolving into this mess now the useful

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thing about commitment or the neat thing

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about compartmentalization is that it's

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actually pretty easy to set up there are

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a lot of organic compounds protein

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proteins for example that in aqueous

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conditions will kind of naturally just

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roll up in the nice little spheres so

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this one isn't quite as challenging as

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some of the other ones now of course

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there's no reason these ought to be

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mutually exclusive it's quite likely

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that they probably all happened more

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about the same time or in very close

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proximity to each other but you know

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still there they all had to have

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happened for us to get here so that's

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kind of like with the baseline starting

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point for okay we're now officially a

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living organism which brings this next

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point of okay how do we define what a

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living organism is anyways and for this

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we're gonna get a bit more abstract so

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the one technique that's getting more

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and more popular is using sort of

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approach that space top of information

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theory and it examines life and

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evolution and more abstract level you

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know mathematically but the advantage of

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that is that it allows us to quantify

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the emergence and evolution of life

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since it's all done mathematically on

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computers you can actually get specific

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figures and data as it goes through and

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if what is a particular interest to

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scientists to study this are complexity

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and emergence complexity is essentially

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the where a system is the sum is greater

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than the whole of its parts the sub

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components of the system do not have the

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same properties as the system as a whole

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emergence on the other hand is the

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tendency for in some systems for very

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simple rules to give rise to very

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complex behavior and phenomena a classic

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example is schooling fish none of these

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fish are leading the other fish they are

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all reacting to the same basic stimuli

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proximity to each other approximately

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predators proximity to food and they're

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all independently deciding where to move

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however when you put them together

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essentially all those small decisions

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add up to a much larger decision that is

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able to exhibit this really cool

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synchronized behavior and predator

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avoidance so that gives you an idea and

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emergence shows up all the times in

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biology you have it in ant high or ant

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nests and other social insects and gene

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regulatory networks in cells and more

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than likely in consciousness being the

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emergent property of how the neurons in

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our brain are wired although that's

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still debated that's a whole other

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conference another cool way to study

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these and I know they'll be at least one

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talk this afternoon we'll discuss it is

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a cellular automata which again looking

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at systems that can become emergent is

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these very deterministic binary systems

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that use simple discrete rules and can

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be you sort of as a toy model for life

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they aren't obviously quite as complex

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as living organisms but they have some

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of the same properties classic example

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of them is Conway's Game of Life which

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some of you may have heard of it's

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pretty simple you have a grid of squares

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very simple rules determine whether or

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not a particular square is black or

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white usually based on its proximity to

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other squares with depending if they're

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black or white and while the rule set is

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very simply content on the page you can

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get this really really complex and

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interesting phenomenon and

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self-replication sustaining

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self-sustaining and just all sorts of

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really cool stable and unstable states

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and

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as a result you know from these very

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simple rules you have a great platform

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to sort of mathematically analyze

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evolution emergent behavior and also

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phase transitions you know when you go

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from a very different regime for example

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one where you're not getting a whole lot

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of complexity to one where all of a

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sudden there's an explosion of

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complexity which like I said I will be

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discussed in one of our later talks and

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a lot of this like I said it's ground an

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information theory and the idea that

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life itself can be defined as an

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information theory or information

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process rather now information theorists

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love appropriating other Sciences words

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and giving them new definitions so for

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our for the purposes of an information

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scientist information specifically

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refers the reduction in uncertainty

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about a state of a particular component

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in a system transfer entropy for example

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refers to if you have to sub components

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of a system how knowing the state of one

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sis one sub component reduces the

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uncertainty of knowing the state of the

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other sub component if you have to

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protect it so that's basically how much

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are they sharing information on how much

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does information flowing between them

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active information is kind of same idea

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except it's Tim poorly it's essentially

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a fancy term for memory if you know the

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past state of a system how much does

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that reduce the uncertainty for being

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able predicts the future state or

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current state of that particular system

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another thing that another two hundred

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toolbox graph and network graph theory

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networks this was discussed earlier

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drafts when we talk about graphs we

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don't mean pie charts we mean these

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sorts of network designs where you have

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a node which is just any particular

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system component and edges which are

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connections between nodes and these are

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really cool for examining the

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interactions within a system and

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different networks have different

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structures motifs which I'll get to and

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they have different patterns of flow of

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information which and doing this allows

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you to track that and analyze it for

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example you have very centralized

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networks for everything's rating off a

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central spoke you have decentralized

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networks where there's a couple of very

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centralized spokes but they're all

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connected to each other on airports the

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wheel ins spoke model for airports for

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examples of class

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example of that where you have a couple

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hubs and then a whole bunch of outlying

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airports that are in smaller areas and

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then distributed where everything's kind

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of connected with everything else now

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you can do some really cool stuff with

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us for astrobiology you can analyze gene

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regulatory networks this way you can

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analyze social insects you can analyze

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metabolic interactions in microbial or

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just general biological communities and

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also the chemical reaction networks of

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planets to give you an idea this is sort

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of a plug for what I'm probably end up

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doing for my dissertation so you have

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these chemical reaction networks for an

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atmosphere you know where do you have

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all these reactions and then put into a

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sort of graph form so this is the graph

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for the atmosphere of Mars this is the

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graph for the atmosphere of Earth and

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all the other plants and sources look

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like this except for earth so something

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interesting is going on here we don't

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know what yet i'll probably be

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presenting on that next year but just

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give the idea of what this stuff is

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capable if it's pretty cool so any